Reciprocating compressors must start "unloaded"—with no back pressure from the previous cycle. When the motor hums but won't spin, or trips the breaker immediately, it's almost always trying to start against pressure because the unload system failed.
If you hear absolutely nothing when you press start, it's an electrical problem—no power, bad switch, or thermal overload tripped.
Industrial Reciprocating Troubleshooting
Compressor Won't Start – Industrial Reciprocating Air Compressor Troubleshooting
Motor hums, trips the breaker, or nothing happens—usually unloader valve, check valve, or electrical problems.
Industrial systems
Field-tested diagnostics
Independent & unbiased
Safety Notice
Disconnect power before working on electrical components. Capacitors can hold a charge even when power is off—discharge them before touching. If you're not comfortable with electrical work, call a technician.
What this problem usually means
Check these first
5–10 minute checks before diving deeper
- Try manually releasing pressure—open the tank drain valve and try starting again
- Listen for air venting (pssshhht) when compressor stops—this is the unloader valve working
- Check if thermal overload has tripped—look for red reset button on motor
- Is the pressure switch clicking on/off properly?
- Check power at the outlet—plug in a lamp to verify
- For belt-drive: Is the belt intact and properly tensioned?
- Is the compressor plugged into the correct voltage outlet?
- Check if breaker has tripped at the panel
Common root causes
Why this happens in industrial reciprocating compressors
Unloader valve not working
Most common cause (40% of cases). Valve stuck closed, tube disconnected, or pressure switch linkage broken. Compressor can't release pressure and tries to start under load.
Check valve leaking backward
Air leaks back from tank into compressor head after unloader vents. Even if unloader works initially, pressure refills and prevents starting.
Pressure switch failed
Contacts won't close (no power to motor) or unloader mechanism broken. Usually needs replacement—they're cheap ($20-$60).
Thermal overload tripped
Motor overheated from previous use and tripped internal protection. Wait 30-60 minutes to cool down, then press reset button on motor.
Bad start capacitor
Single-phase motors use capacitors to start. If failed, motor hums but won't spin. Common on older compressors.
What NOT to do
Don't keep trying to start a humming compressor—you'll overheat the motor and trip the thermal overload (or damage the windings). If it hums and won't start, stop immediately and diagnose the unload system first.
Need deeper help with this issue?
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